arXiv papersarXiv 论文 · 2026-10-13

Humanoid loco-manipulation requires coordinated whole-body interaction with the physical world, yet collecting robot demonstrations at scale remains costly. Human demonstrations offer a scalable alternative, but existing egocentric human supervision often omits locomotion and posture, while embodiment differences and controller dynamics hinder accurate end-effector execution. We introduce HumanVerse, a 500-hour dataset of open-world human loco-manipulation pairing egocentric video with synchronized body and hand motion. Our human-to-humanoid pipeline aligns camera viewpoints and arm …

Learning humanoid loco-manipulation from human demonstrations rests on observing how locomotion, posture, and object interaction evolve together as tasks unfold. Scaling collection across diverse environments, in turn, favors lightweight, portable capture systems. Yet, existing datasets provide only partial views of this coordination. Thus, we introduce EgoExplorer, a 100-hour vision-motion-touch observatory of human loco-manipulation built with a wearable system. With an emphasis on professional activities, its continuous recordings align egocentric video with reconstructed whole-body …

Robots are increasingly autonomous in task execution, yet their improvement remains largely human-driven. This study investigates Physical Recursive Self-Improvement (Physical RSI), in which physical experience guides lasting updates to both a robot's capabilities and its improvement procedure, making subsequent improvement more effective across tasks. Physical RSI faces challenges from noisy observations, continuous dynamics, costly trials, and irreversible consequences. We present an L0-L5 framework that differentiates capability-level from meta-level updates and within-task from …

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved strong performance in visual perception and spatial reasoning, leading to growing interest in using them as high-level planners for embodied AI. However, physical tasks require models to integrate spatial information, reason over temporal states, and generate multi-step plans under various constraints, raising the question of whether current VLMs can reliably support such reasoning and planning independently of execution. We introduce Plan-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating the high-level reasoning and multi-step planning capabilities of VLMs …

A robot needs a world model that predicts how its actions will change the scene and a policy that chooses those actions. Models are usually built and evaluated for only one of these roles, and every robot records its actions in its own format. We ask whether one robot world model can serve both roles across different bodies, and what makes this work. We present GreenWAM, a world foundation model for robotics, together with the recipe that produces it: (1) a shared anatomical action space that describes 20 robot families, from bimanual arms to dexterous humanoids, in common joint coordinates; …

Vision-language-action (VLA) policies excel at generalist robotic manipulation but generate actions without explicitly modeling their environmental consequences. World action models (WAMs) incorporate future prediction, yet most rely on costly video generation, while latent alternatives either use predicted futures only as auxiliary targets or infer latent actions from suboptimal visual transitions through costly large-scale video pretraining. We introduce WAVE-0 (World-model-Augmented VLA Execution), a framework that bridges VLAs and WAMs through a lightweight latent world model. By …

Collision rate remains a dominant metric for evaluating autonomous driving trajectory safety, but its binary nature obscures substantial safety differences among collision-free trajectories. Existing surrogate-safety metrics provide finer-grained assessments, yet often trade off physical interpretability against adaptivity to interaction context. We introduce FutureRisk, a continuous metric that quantifies the latent future risk of a trajectory by how closely and persistently its realized interactions approach unsafe states. At its core, our Context-Adaptive Risk Model (CARM) combines a …

Diffusion models and Flow Matching can represent flexible distributions over robot actions, but many reinforcement learning algorithms also require the probability of each action. We introduce PrT-Flow (Probability-Tractable Flow Matching), which computes probability density while retaining multimodal, multi-step action generation. Its Jacobian-Tractable Transformer (JTT) makes each sampling step invertible and enables efficient computation of its Jacobian determinant. We train these finite steps with Conditional Euler-step Training (CET), which supervises their displacement over one step …

Recent coding large language models (LLMs) can synthesize dynamic 4D worlds from natural language, but the resulting content remains a visual artifact. It lacks physical semantics such as the collision geometry, mass, friction, inertia, and joint structure, required to enable it to simulate the physical world, and its dynamics are scripted to look plausible rather than designed to execute. What is needed is an executable world: one that a physics engine can load and step, resolving contact physically. We present Code2Worlds-2, an extension of Code2Worlds that turns 4D world generation into an …

Actuator sizing is an early and consequential decision: joint torque and velocity specifications fix the motors, gearboxes and brakes before any CAD model exists. Sim4RAD is a MATLAB toolkit for that phase and for the verification that follows it. It builds a rigid-body model from a handful of parameters, and four analyses supply the specification: a static analysis combining lever-arm sampling with a posture search, giving a rated torque at a chosen payload envelope and a reproducible peak torque; a dynamics pipeline that reshapes a trajectory under one of four constraints, including the …

We present Keypoint Constraint Learning (KCL), a framework for learning task-relevant motion constraints from visual demonstrations and for planning safely with the extracted constraints. To make constraint learning tractable from RGB-D observations, we represent demonstrations using sparse 3D object-centric keypoints and semantic mask centroids extracted through segmentation, visual feature clustering, and point tracking. In this reduced geometric space, we learn keypoint dynamics and infer distance- and orientation-based constraints that make the expert trajectories feasible and …

Robots following persistent language instructions must decide which cached room judgments remain valid as their environment changes. We present MIND (Maintenance via INstruction-conditioned Dependencies), a framework for maintaining target-room decisions without re-evaluating every room after each event. A language model compiles each instruction into dependencies for semantic qualification and target selection. The controller intersects semantic dependencies with event footprints, refreshes affected judgments, and updates reachability and selection separately. For fixed deterministic …

Reduced-order models (ROMs) make model predictive control (MPC) of high-dimensional nonlinear systems tractable, but the resulting modeling error can lead to constraint violations on the real system. We introduce CoRE-MPC, a robust MPC formulation that plans with a nonlinear ROM and guarantees recursive feasibility and constraint satisfaction for the full-order system. It can be applied with a broad class of nonlinear model reduction techniques and the resulting MPC does not require evaluating the full-order model online, thus ensuring computational efficiency. The key insight is in how the …

Robotic disassembly of end-of-life (EoL) products requires robots to accommodate product variation, follow prerequisite sequences, and approach components precisely for contact-rich manipulation. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) provides a practical path for adaptation, but limited and costly disassembly data cannot capture the distribution shifts arising from changing environments and product uncertainties. The policy's own rollouts record its approach attempts, and human corrections demonstrate recovery from its errors, but turning these experiences into better policy performance remains …

Surface navigation on the Moon is subject to extreme illumination contrast and deployment-time perceptual disturbances. While modular navigation pipelines have long supported planetary rover navigation, robustness is compromised by measurement errors that propagate through hand-engineered components. End-to-end learned policies are an alternative approach to navigation, which maps observations directly to control actions without intermediate components. Vision-language-action models, in particular, have driven significant breakthroughs in robotics and autonomous vehicle research. By …

We present LidarVerse, a real-time unified LiDAR world model for sensor simulation across tasks and sensors. Existing LiDAR simulators largely follow one of two complementary paradigms: reconstruction-based methods preserve the geometry of a captured scene but require lengthy per-scene optimization, whereas generative methods amortize learning across data but lack the consistency needed for long-horizon rollouts. LidarVerse brings both paradigms into a single, unified conditional generative framework. A universal tokenizer maps LiDAR range sequences into a shared latent space, where a …

Existing biomimetic lower-limb prosthesis controllers are commonly designed for discrete locomotion modes, requiring separate parameterizations for level walking, ramps, and stairs. We present a mode-unified prosthesis control framework that represents knee and ankle biomechanics continuously as functions of terrain slope and gait phase across those locomotion conditions. Locally optimized ascent and descent polynomial models were unified using radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, preserving the accuracy of the partitioned models while outperforming a global polynomial representation. …

Human demonstrations offer a scalable alternative to costly robot data collection for dexterous manipulation, but most human datasets lack force measurements. Dexterous manipulation requires not only visual and proprioceptive understanding but also the ability to anticipate and regulate interaction forces. To scale force-aware human-robot co-training, we introduce EgoForce, a large-scale human tactile dataset capturing force-rich manipulation experience, and combine it with robot demonstrations for pretraining. We present FACT, a robot foundation model that cascades from prospective visual …

While Vision-Language-Action models have enabled impressive cross-task transfer in zero-shot settings, \emph{adaptation} methods are often necessary to achieve consistent performance on novel tasks. However, even though a wealth of methods for adaptation have been proposed, it is unclear how to choose the best method based on available trajectories. We close this gap by studying the impact of the adaptation method under a variety of common data scenarios: on- and off-policy data, offline vs online adaptation, and whether the data contains optimal or suboptimal trajectories. Our evaluation …

Learning a collective policy for state-based Cartesian manipulation across diverse robotic embodiments presents a fundamental challenge due to embodiment-dependent transition dynamics. Collective learning aggregates multi-robot experience to discover shared task structure, yet naive aggregation can average incompatible action modes when different embodiments realize the same Cartesian command through different transition behavior. This leads to strategy ambiguity and performance collapse on dynamically outlying embodiments. To address this, we propose PACE, a two-stage collective learning …

Deep space missions increasingly require spacecraft capable of autonomously operating in environments with communication delays and bandwidth limitations. A key enabler of such autonomy is the ability to run learning-based algorithms directly onboard. In this work, we present a flight deployment on a 6U CubeSat that demonstrates (1) onboard training and inference of a thermal segmentation model on an NVIDIA Jetson TX2 NX GPU in space and (2) closed-loop attitude control using the segmentation model on a real-time, thermal image feed to track the Moon. In addition to this demonstration, we …

As the Arctic transitions toward a seasonally ice-free state, capturing the complex morphology of submerged sea ice is crucial for advancing models of ocean-ice-atmosphere heat exchange and monitoring under-ice habitats. Currently, sub-surface ice mapping is predominantly achieved through acoustic sensors such as multibeam sonar. While sonar provides robust large-scale geometry, it lacks spectral and high-resolution textural information required to record fine morphological features - a critical limitation in under-ice environments, where sparse visual features and degraded sensing conditions …

Contact-rich inverse problems require efficient gradients and reliable enforcement of non-penetration. Existing differentiable methods provide fast simulation and rigid-deformable coupling, but contact treatments based on penalties or velocity-level constraints can permit penetration or positional drift. Incremental Potential Contact (IPC) maintains non-penetration through geometric barriers and {continuous collision detection (CCD)}. However, repeated forward and backward evaluations remain costly in full-space finite-element (FEM) implementations, particularly when nearly rigid components …

Achieving human-like dexterous manipulation remains a central challenge in robotics. Learning from human hand-object interaction (HOI) datasets offers a promising pathway to diverse dexterous skills, yet existing physics-based approaches train specialist policies for individual trajectories, thereby limiting skill reuse at scale. We introduce DexMimic, a generalist dexterous hand-object tracking policy jointly trained across diverse HOI trajectories. Efficient joint training requires allocating each rollout to both an undertrained phase and a starting state that supports continued tracking. …

Robotic systems that must acquire information about a specific target often face severe occlusion from sur- rounding structures or from the target itself, such that a single camera viewpoint provides only partial information. Active perception must therefore select viewpoints that progressively reveal unobserved regions. However, conventional local next- best-view (NBV) methods typically select viewpoints according to their immediate utility, which can overlook views that provide limited information initially but enable more informative obser- vations from subsequent viewpoints. We formulated …

A wearable assistive robot must continuously estimate terrain, locomotion mode, gait phase, and walking speed. These quantities are commonly addressed by separate, terrain-specific models, with datasets rarely collected under a common protocol. This paper presents a visuo-inertial framework that connects these estimates through a causal pipeline using a chest-mounted camera and four lower-limb inertial measurement units (IMUs). Anticipatory Terrain Perception (ATP) classifies incoming terrain with 96.3% accuracy and anticipates terrain transitions by 1.46 s on average. Terrain-Aware …

Tiny robots have limited computation and memory, yet visual navigation systems often maintain more state than a task requires. We ask whether persistent memory can instead be shaped by the task. We present \textbf{RingNav}, a \(10.6\)k--parameter visual heading estimator that constrains its memory to the circular manifold \(S^1\). RingNav learns only the turn between consecutive images, while heading is composed directly on the circle. On the TartanAir Visual SLAM Challenge, RingNav reduces mean absolute turn error by \(27\%\) and accumulated heading error over $4$ sec by \(15\%\) relative to …

Humanoid policies trained in simulation can transfer qualitatively to hardware while failing to transfer the force interactions learned during training, compromising torque efficiency, load regulation, and robustness to impacts. This failure can arise from actuator sim-to-real gaps because forces depend on actuator torques. We introduce Contact-UAN, a residual world model that preserves a simulator's physics priors while correcting actuator dynamics to align simulated rollouts with recorded hardware rollouts. For humanoid motion with contact, this requires contact-consistent replay: if …

Finite safety assessments cannot exclude an adversary that preserves unattacked behavior until certification and activates afterward. We characterize this limitation for embodied and tool-use AI. An adversary that matches the complete observation law until observable, irrevocable certification and retains intervention access afterward attains $v\mathbb{E}[(n-S_0)_+]$ expected post-certification events over $n$ trials, where $v$ is the active event probability and $S_0$ the unattacked certification time. The result covers adaptive and privately randomized evaluators. Switching at certification …

Agentic robotics places a large language model (LLM) agent in the robot control loop, where it composes perception, motion, and vision-language-action (VLA) tools under the guidance of a memory and thereby generalizes to new tasks without retraining. This generality comes at a steep price in efficiency. Every primitive requires a round of LLM reasoning over the full interaction history, so the cost of an episode grows with the number of primitives. We find this reasoning largely redundant: once a sub-goal is chosen, its primitives follow a routine already prescribed by memory. We present …

Scaling expert demonstrations alone does not enable generalist robot policies to improve from deployment. Real-world rollouts contain successes, suboptimal behavior, and failures: imitating every recorded action can reinforce poor behavior, while filtering out failures discards evidence of physical interactions and their consequences. We introduce LoopWAM, a closed-loop world-action model that learns directly from this full quality spectrum, using rollouts from both itself and other deployed policies. Source-dependent noise sampling unifies behavior learning and action-conditioned world …

How should demonstration quality be used during vision-language-action (VLA) pretraining to improve performance after target-task fine-tuning? We compare weighting, filtering, and conditioning across reward definitions and label granularities using 5,000 naturally suboptimal human demonstrations and 24 target tasks. Within each VLA, we match demonstrations and training budgets. Additional comparisons examine pretraining data size and the roles of quality tags during fine-tuning and inference. Across three VLAs, we find that approach-aware episode conditioning improves mean success over plain …

Coding agents can construct executable programs and revise them through feedback, offering a foundation for embodied control without target-task fine-tuning. Through a programmatic robot interface, the agent observes the scene, executes control programs, and adapts them to the resulting physical state, serving as the closed-loop policy. However, this within-episode adaptation does not automatically preserve experience across scenes. Our trajectory analysis shows that agents spend interaction and inference budgets establishing effective operations and identifying their preconditions, while …

Safe autonomous driving requires more than accurate planning at a single frame: it demands reliable closed-loop execution in dynamic environments. Although end-to-end driving policies have advanced rapidly, the accumulated closed-loop errors, especially in unseen scenarios, can push vehicles into states from which the same policy struggles to recover. We address the challenge by treating closed-loop driving safety as a test-time execution problem. We introduce AutoAgent0, an agentic runtime and harness framework that augments existing driving experts with complementary detection skills, …

Contact-rich manipulation requires robots to coordinate not only where to move, but also how contact and force should evolve throughout an interaction. Yet most robot policies represent actions primarily as motion trajectories, using tactile signals as inputs or auxiliary prediction targets without explicitly encoding contact dynamics in the action representation. We propose ILA (Interaction Latents as Actions), which uses decodable interaction latents that jointly capture the evolution of motion, contact, and force application as policy action units, providing a shared representation for …

Expert demonstrations show how to complete contact-rich tasks, but provide limited coverage of how interaction forces respond to different actions. Task-agnostic play provides broader experience of contact dynamics without specifying task goals. To fully leverage these two types of data, we introduce ForceWAM, a force world action model that decouples knowledge of task-compatible interaction outcomes from knowledge of how local actions change contact. A world model learns from successful demonstrations to jointly predict future video and six-axis force/torque trajectories. Together, these …

Collaborative planning under operational constraints is essential for heterogeneous robot teams in large-scale missions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide rapid area coverage but are limited by onboard energy, while Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) can serve as mobile recharging stations yet are constrained by road-network traversability. Effective collaboration must enforce operational constraints during execution while enabling parallel, coordinated actions. Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) have shown promise through token unmasking but have two key limitations: entropy-guided scheduling …

In-context robot learning enables robots to acquire new behaviors from demonstrations without test-time parameter updates. However, visual and kinematic specifications alone may not distinguish contact-rich behaviors that share similar motions but require different interaction intensities or patterns. We propose Contact Trajectory Prompting (CTP), a framework for one-shot transfer of contact-rich manipulation behaviors. CTP encodes motion and contact information from a single demonstration into an ordered contact trajectory prompt that captures their temporal evolution and specifies the …

Robot policies are expected to generalize across deployment environments, including variations in the robot itself: cameras are bumped and remounted, calibrations drift, controllers run at different rates, and end-effector pads wear down. We present LIBERO-RIG, a benchmark that perturbs only the robot's hardware and setup while holding every LIBERO task fixed. The benchmark spans eleven perturbation axes, including camera mounting and optics, camera-to-arm calibration, actuation gain, control rate, proprioceptive noise, base pose, table height, and gripper pads. Each axis has five severity …

It has been difficult to accurately model the physics of the interaction between a robot and the objects it manipulates, including contact mechanics, coupled contact dynamics, deformations, stiffness and friction. We present RoboSimStudio (RSS), an interactive toolkit that makes choices of solver, contact model, and physical parameters explicit and editable, allowing both humans and coding agents to quickly create and iteratively refine simulations based on observed physical behavior. We implement RSS with the open Newton physics simulation system and describe experiments with human-guided …

We introduce WorldOracle, a benchmark specifically designed to evaluate action-conditioned world models (ACWMs) against paired real-world executions. Given the same initial observation and low-level action sequence, WorldOracle asks whether a predicted rollout reproduces what happens in the real world, including physical consequences and task-state transitions. We evaluate models along four complementary dimensions: physical state correctness, interaction spatial alignment, key interaction area fidelity, and multi-view action coherence. To support this evaluation, we curate real-world …

Egocentric human videos offer a scalable alternative to robot teleoperation for collecting dexterous manipulation data. However, two challenges limit their use as reliable training data: accurate hand-object interaction (HOI) reconstruction from monocular RGB and high-quality robot demonstrations, especially visual observations. We present EgoMatrix, an end-to-end data engine that converts monocular egocentric human videos into bimanual dexterous trajectories and paired robot observation videos, with the trajectories directly replayable on real robots. It reconstructs HOI with emphasis on …

In cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), agents must learn to coordinate their actions to achieve shared objectives. A key indicator of effective coordination is behavioral diversity, i.e., the agents' potential to enact distinct yet complementary control policies given the same set of observations. Although behavioral diversity can enable role specialization and richer joint behaviors, its appropriate level is highly context- and task-dependent and often costly to tune. We propose Adaptive Diversity Control (ADiCo), a two-timescale framework that adapts behavioral diversity …

Frontier language-model agents can now improve robots on their own: they write control code, test it, and keep what works as skills and memories for the next task. We introduce SEAR (Self-Evolving Agentic Robotics), a framework and benchmark built around two questions. Is the agent really learning, or just trying more often? And does what it learns still help on new tasks, in a new simulator, and on a real robot? The framework runs an agent in three modes: it writes code that becomes the policy (code-as-policy), acts live in the control loop (agent-as-policy), or works as a researcher that …

Long-term robot autonomy depends on more than effective action generation: a policy must recognize when its behavior is no longer sufficiently supported and use assistance to improve. We introduce Equilibrium Energy Control (EqC), a framework for introspective lifelong robot learning built around an explicit conditional energy landscape. EqC casts generative action refinement as equilibrium-seeking optimization, while the geometry of the refinement process reveals whether the generated behavior remains consistent with the learned landscape. This competence signal enables Energy-Gated DAgger, …

Current recipes for robot learning require massive amounts of robot demonstrations to obtain robust and adaptive policies. In this work, we introduce Steertuning, a system that enables robots to learn new tasks in new environments from 5 human demonstrations in under 5 Steertuning consists of two parts. (1) We pretrain a 400M-parameter diffusion policy on our egocentric human dataset, which consists of 100 hours of densely annotated random interactions. This pretraining makes Steertuning robust to background differences and enables spatial and object generalization when deployed on new tasks. …

Evaluating robot policies before deployment typically requires producing new trajectories through real-world execution, simulators, or learned world models. These rollout-based approaches impose infrastructure requirements; simulator and world-model evaluators additionally face prediction errors that can compound over the evaluation horizon. In this paper, we study off-policy evaluation as an alternative to rollout-based robot-policy evaluation methods. Specifically, we introduce RoboFQE, an evaluator that estimates the discounted expected return of a target policy from offline robot …

World models (WMs) and world-action models (WAMs) focus on future world prediction and executable action generation, respectively. Although these models learn shared physical dynamics and interaction semantics from embodied trajectories, they are typically trained in isolation, which restricts knowledge reuse between prediction and control. The central challenge is therefore to develop a unified learning framework that shares these dynamics while preserving the distinct modeling capabilities required by each paradigm. We propose UniW(A)M, a mixture-of-experts world-(action) model built upon …

3D semantic occupancy prediction is crucial for autonomous driving, but camera-based methods degrade in low-light conditions and LiDAR-based methods are sensitive to adverse weather. 4D radar is more robust, yet its sparsity and the high cost of radar tensor processing limit its use. We propose Radar Geometric-Semantic Occupancy Prediction (RadarGSOcc), an efficient framework that directly processes 4D radar tensors by separately extracting geometric and semantic features, including Doppler information, with a deformable attention-based geometric refinement module as its key component. We …

Online decision-making faces a tension between efficient inference and long-horizon reasoning. Value-based methods rely on short-horizon bootstrapping that limits the propagation of long-term information, while trajectory optimization methods plan explicitly but must solve a high-dimensional optimization problem at every decision step. We propose Generative Trajectory Planning (GTP), a model-based framework that addresses this tension by learning a generative model as a proposal distribution over action sequences. Instead of optimizing sequences from scratch, GTP samples candidate sequences …

Reliable robot autonomy requires reasoning about the world from partial and noisy observations. However, many perception systems model only visible scene regions, rely on fixed semantic categories, and assume reliable sensor measurements. These assumptions break under occlusion, novel object encounters, and sensor degradation. In this paper, I present a research vision for incompleteness-aware scene understanding. I organize this vision around three fundamental challenges: incomplete evidence, incomplete knowledge, and incomplete sensor reliability. I discuss my research contributions toward …

Recent advances in zero-shot voice cloning systems make it possible to reproduce a recognizable voice from a short recording and attach it to arbitrary virtual characters. Prior work suggests that familiar vocal identity can carry over associated personality impressions to new targets such as robots or virtual characters. However, these works have mainly examined familiarity and personalization effects rather than directly testing whether a cloned familiar voice systematically transfers personality impressions to an embodied virtual character. Such transference raises the concern that cloned …

Vision-language-action (VLA) policies perform manipulation tasks using camera images and language instructions, but object slip or visual occlusion can disrupt execution. Recovery is typically learned during policy training or delegated to a monitor that triggers a scripted repair after detecting a failure. We introduce ForkCast, a predictive recovery framework that compares counterfactual futures to determine whether and how to intervene in a frozen VLA policy. At each decision point, ForkCast evaluates three candidates: executing the policy's nominal action chunk (Commit), adjusting the …

A robot's world model must remember objects that leave the camera's view. FloWM, a learned world model, keeps them in a spatial grid of features that it moves with five built-in velocities. A node memory instead keeps each object's position and velocity as numbers. We compare them in FloWM's own block world, with an oracle-fed Kalman tracker as the node memory. How the grid is read changes its score: a single-cell probe finds 66% of out-of-view blocks, while FloWM's own probe 89%. FloWM also scores 8 points higher in view although no frame is shown, which we attribute to its write-back of its …

3D part assembly aims to reconstruct a complete shape from a set of unassembled parts by predicting a rigid SE(3) transformation for each part. Because the placement of a part is rarely determined by its own geometry, the task demands reasoning over the entire part set, and existing methods, which rely on pairwise relations or iterative generation and verification, scale poorly to objects with many parts. We present LLM2R, which casts part assembly as sequence modeling with a pretrained decoder-only large language model (LLM): a Point-BERT encoder and a Q-Former compress each part into a …

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training improves robot foundation models (RFMs) beyond their demonstrations, but real-world deployment demands more: learning new tasks efficiently while retaining previously acquired behaviors. Existing continual RL methods on top of VLAs mitigate forgetting but rely on on-policy updates with limited forward transfer, whereas off-policy methods improve single-task sample efficiency without addressing learner persistence across tasks. We propose ACCRUE, a continual off-policy RL framework that carries lightweight actor and critic networks across tasks, …

Language and vision language models can support autonomous systems, but changing operating conditions may compromise the reliability of their semantic outputs. This work introduces the Attribute Reliability Monitor (ARM), a framework that accumulates evidence of suspicion over time to assess individual semantic attributes. ARM accommodates different detectors and temporal monitoring methods, while leaving intervention policies to the consuming system. An initial implementation was evaluated using a specialized vision language model developed for satellite thermal infrared imagery. Monitoring …

Task planning for robots in off-site construction prefabrication is primarily manual, leading to planning inefficiencies and reluctance to adopt robotic solutions. Existing approaches provide limited support for scalable, modular automated task planning and localized runtime replanning. This paper proposes APTree, a model-driven framework that integrates automated task planning with modular task execution using behavior trees as the execution model. APTree repeatedly applies and coordinates heterogeneous symbolic planners to automatically generate and compose modular task plans at runtime. To …

Sonar was one of the first sensors with which mobile robots built maps, and in-air sonar keeps working where cameras and lidar fail, in darkness, smoke, dust and next to glass. Classical sonar SLAM, however, relied on geometric features or occupancy grids built from sparse range readings, and both struggle with the specular reflections that dominate indoor sonar. In this letter, we introduce RTISSLAM, a novel sonar-only SLAM system for an embedded 3D imaging sonar, which combines the robust pose graph of BatSLAM 2.0 as back-end with an occupancy grid as map. Energyscapes from …

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown strong potential for embodied vision-language navigation (VLN), yet their performance degrades on long-horizon trajectories due to context-length limits, redundant historical observations, and unstable spatial alignment across time. These issues make it difficult to both compress long navigation histories and reliably reuse past spatial experience. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{MemoryVLN}, a unified memory-driven navigation system built around memory construction and management. During memory construction, \emph{Long Sequence …

World models have emerged as a promising paradigm for embodied AI, yet existing systems often remain fragmented in the modalities they model and the functions they support. In particular, visual dynamics, geometric structure, and executable action are commonly coupled through separate interfaces or downstream modules rather than being jointly represented and evolved within a shared dynamics model. In this work, we present Thinker-WM, a unified multimodal world model that jointly models and generates RGB, metric depth, and robot action through a shared intermediate Unified Dynamics Transformer …

The fidelity of teleoperated demonstrations used for imitation learning is determined by how faithfully a robot hand can replicate the operator's posture. The posture retargeting law that the robot will execute is typically selected only once the hardware has been finalized, and conventional hand designs often neglect human-like grasping postures. We introduce PACT, an optimization based on human grasping postures that jointly optimizes the mechanical parameters of a 17-servo robot hand (link lengths, joint offsets, mounting angles, and base placements) and its nonlinear posture retargeter (a …

Cooperative aerial manipulation is difficult under wind, payload motion, and noisy goal broadcasts because multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are coupled through a shared payload. We present CALM (Cooperative Aerial Learned Manipulation), a decentralized controller for aerial manipulators carrying a basket while tracking a moving ground robot. CALM combines a parameter-shared Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) policy, trained using Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization (MAPPO), with goal estimation, per-UAV Extended State Observers (ESOs), basket-mass estimation, and …

We present a real-time, hybrid framework for occlusion handling and depth-aware tracking in minimally invasive surgeries (MIS). Occlusions caused by surgical instruments often obscure the region of interest (ROI), affecting surgical precision. To address this, our approach integrates enhanced You Only Look Once (YOLO) based detection, Particle Filtering (PF), and monocular depth estimation using Multiple Depth Estimation Accuracy with Single Network (MiDaS). Occlusion is detected using a distance-based threshold between instruments and ROI. Experimental results demonstrate robust instrument …

Manipulation tasks such as unscrewing a cap or sliding a part in contact with a surface require imposing force along a high-friction direction: the robot must overcome a resistance rather than yield to it. Generative visuomotor policies predict the motion for such tasks but not the authority needed to realize it, and that authority is bounded by the impedance controller beneath them: when the resistance exceeds what a compliant controller can exert under a bounded tracking error, the task is unattainable however accurate the prediction is. The required amount cannot be anticipated either, …

Aerial mobile manipulation requires unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to traverse heterogeneous environments such as indoor and outdoor domains, and connect navigation with subsequent physical interaction within the same trajectories. Existing aerial benchmarks are typically confined to single-environment settings, limiting evaluation of agents across continuous environmental transitions. When interaction is evaluated, agents are often initialized near the target, leaving the transition from navigation to interaction largely unassessed. This work introduces CrossFly, a benchmark for …

Quadruped robots performing outdoor deliveries must interpret complex scenes, anticipate changes, and navigate in socially compliant ways. Robot demonstrations are costly to collect at the scale needed for generalization. Egocentric web videos offer abundant human navigation experience, but differences in viewpoint and motion make this experience difficult to transfer to robots. We introduce DR-VLA, a Mixture-of-Transformers framework that transfers human navigation experience through a domain-invariant scene representation (DISR). The framework combines vision-language understanding and …

In this work, we present a fundamentally new approach to visual servoing using lines. It is based on a theoretical and geometrical study of the main line representations which allowed us to define a new representation, the so-called binormalized Plucker coordinates. They are particularly well suited to visual servoing. Indeed, they allow the definition of a proper image line alignment concept. The control law which realizes such an alignment has moreover several properties: partial decoupling between rotation and translation, analytical inversion of the motion equations and global asymptotic …

We introduce ABot Embodied Reasoning (ABot-ER), a unified embodied reasoning foundation model that breaks the tension between breadth and depth in embodied reasoning. Embodied intelligence demands the joint mastery of perception, planning, and execution, yet reconciling generality with specialization across this spectrum remains an open challenge. Within a single unified model, ABot-ER commands specialist-level depth across all three competencies, spanning spatial, scene, and temporal reasoning in perception; long-horizon action organization in planning; and point grounding and affordance in …

A robot following a multi-step instruction needs to act on the right objects in the right order, even as the scene changes. It must also maintain awareness of task progress and determine when to advance. To address these challenges, we introduce Orchestra, an agent harness that separates task planning and execution management from action generation. Orchestra decomposes a complete multimodal instruction into ordered subtasks, tracks completed steps, and updates the locations of relevant objects and destinations during execution. It maintains a shared context containing the active subtask, …

Safe autonomous navigation requires not only geometric obstacle avoidance but also semantic awareness. Different object categories demand different safety clearances, and the set of relevant categories may expand as the robot explores novel environments. Vision-language models (VLMs) offer rich semantic representations for building maps of unknown scenes, yet their confidence scores are poorly calibrated, making raw predictions unreliable for safety-critical planning. Conformal prediction (CP) can provide coverage guarantees, but existing methods assume a fixed label set and stationary data, …

Service and delivery robots often need to complete long-horizon navigation missions spanning indoor and outdoor environments. Existing embodied navigation benchmarks primarily evaluate isolated stages or partial cross-domain journeys, providing limited support for assessing how heterogeneous navigation capabilities compose under continuous execution. We introduce I2O2I-Nav, a physics-enabled benchmark of 20 real-world composite scenes spanning over 115,000 square meters across multiple buildings and floors, with aligned 3DGS rendering and collision geometry. Its three-level evaluation …

Robotic manipulation systems commonly learn object affordances from human-annotated datasets, which reflect interaction possibilities for a human hand rather than the physical constraints of a specific robot. For example, a surface region of an object identified as graspable by a human annotator may be geometrically unreachable or mechanically infeasible for a robot, yet this mismatch is rarely addressed explicitly. To tackle this challenge, we proposed a framework that translates human affordance annotations into robot-executable affordance predictions conditioned on the physical properties …

Learning robot policies from demonstrations is often limited by the cost of collecting diverse, high-quality expert data. While an appealing alternative is to expand a single successful demonstration into a diverse set of successful trajectories, existing augmentation methods typically rely on manually designed transformation rules or complex trajectory planning, requiring substantial task-specific engineering and human effort. We introduce OneDemo, a reinforcement learning framework that learns to edit a single successful demonstration for new task configurations. We formulate demonstration …

A scenario-based development approach has become state of the art for automated driving systems. Once a set of scenario classes covering the operational design domain is available, concrete scenarios are generated from these scenario classes, e.g., to be used for hazard analysis and risk assessment or for the system's verification and validation. For such applications, a high diversity among the generated concrete scenarios is paramount. The question arises how the quality of collections of concrete scenarios can be assessed in such a setting. In this work, we aggregate scenario distance …

End-to-end autonomous driving has achieved remarkable progress by planning trajectories directly from raw sensor data. Yet the step from planning to control still relies on hand-tuned tracking controllers that block the gradient path from vehicle motion back to the network. This gap stems from non-differentiable vehicle dynamics, aliased supervision from coarsely sampled expert labels, rate mismatch between high-rate control and low-rate re-planning, and vehicle model discrepancies between training and deployment. This paper proposes DIVA (Differentiable Identified Vehicle dynamics for …

Robot manipulation policies trained through imitation learning commonly rely on costly demonstrations recorded in one task direction and at one temporal resolution. We propose Reversal and Stride-based Trajectory Augmentation (RESTA), which exploits time-scaling data augmentation to improve data efficiency through trajectory reversal and temporal resampling. Trajectory-reversal augmentation reverses and relabels demonstrations between paired tasks with opposite objectives, reusing recorded rollouts without additional environment interaction. Because contact-rich manipulation is not exactly …

Robotic harvesting of cherry tomatoes in greenhouses remains challenging due to dense fruit clusters, delicate skin, and the need for gentle yet effective detachment. This study presents a force-data-driven framework for autonomous cherry tomato harvesting that integrates six-axis force/torque sensing, a bio-inspired compliant gripper, and deployment on a mobile robotic platform. A wearable ATI six-axis force/torque sensor mounted on the index finger captured kinetic signatures of three elemental picking patterns (gripping, twisting, and lateral pulling) across 150 manual trials (50 per …

We present a real-time framework for expressive legged locomotion that enables independent control over velocity and style. Unlike existing data-driven controllers, which typically require explicit style labels for training, our method efficiently leverages large-scale unstructured motion data and generalizes to unseen styles. We disentangle style from functional locomotion through a tailored sampling strategy used to train a style encoder whose output conditions an autoregressive diffusion model. During inference, the user provides a style reference clip and a joystick velocity command. The …

World-model-based visual navigation enables action planning by predicting future states under candidate trajectories. However, long-horizon rollout remains challenging: models are often trained with ground-truth visual histories but deployed in closed-loop prediction, and evaluating many candidates with step-by-step rollout is computationally expensive. We propose SkipWorld, a latent skip planning framework for efficient visual navigation. SkipWorld introduces three components: (i) Latent AutoRoll, which trains a world model to recursively roll out future states in latent space, reducing the …

Broadcast spraying remains the dominant method of disease control in greenhouse tomato production, yet it treats healthy and diseased tissue alike, exposes workers to hazardous aerosols, and depends on operator skill. This paper presents MARTS (Modular Agricultural Robot for Targeted Spraying), a low-cost robotic platform that closes the loop from plant-level disease detection to leaf-localised spray delivery in commercial greenhouses. MARTS integrates a Clearpath Husky A200 mobile base, a UR5 manipulator, a novel modular spraying end-effector built around a single 12 V micro-diaphragm pump, …

Visually similar actions can produce contact loss, jamming, slippage, or irreversible damage, while tactile feedback may arrive after a critical transition. Contact-rich manipulation therefore requires generative policies to anticipate and evaluate whether candidate actions will produce desirable contact outcomes, then adjust action generation before execution. We present ForeTac, a predictive contact-guidance framework organized as a represent-predict-evaluate-guide loop. ForeTac encodes the current tactile state, predicts the tactile consequences of a candidate action sequence, and …

Wheel-legged robots operating in outdoor spaces shared with humans require accurate perception, socially compliant navigation, future-scene reasoning, and scene reconstruction. However, existing datasets typically support these capabilities in isolation and rarely provide dense spatial and behavior-level supervision on real wheel-legged platforms. We introduce LynxScenes, a large-scale real-world dataset and benchmark collected with a LYNX M20 wheel-legged robot. It contains approximately 100K 30-s navigation clips spanning 833.6 h and 3,294.7 km, with 3.0M annotated frames. The synchronized …

General-purpose robot manipulation policies learn short-horizon skills effectively, but degrade rapidly on long-horizon tasks. Existing benchmarks cannot isolate failures because task horizon is either too short or entangled with scene and object variations. We propose LADDER, a long-horizon robot manipulation benchmark scaling from 1 to 10 subgoals within the same environment over three suites (SimplerEnv-Long, RobotArena-$\infty$-Long, and RoboLab-Long), 145 tasks, eight categories, two embodiments, and 2,024 simulated episodes per system. We evaluate two orchestration paradigms: text …

We introduce Contractor Filters (CFs), a set-membership architecture for nonlinear continuous-time state estimation with bounded uncertainties and sporadic outliers. CFs represent feasible states symbolically by compositions of contractors rather than rematerializing a geometric enclosure after each update. This provides an abstraction layer between the set-theoretic filtering equations and their numerical realization, so prediction, correction, ambiguity, and outlier handling can be expressed within one algebra without prescribing a state geometry. We derive an exact nominal recursion and a …

World action models (WAMs) built on pretrained video generation models adapt quickly to new robotic tasks, but they forget previously learned tasks under sequential fine-tuning. Experience replay (ER) mitigates such forgetting by rehearsing data of previous tasks, yet this data is often unavailable in robotics, where a policy is deployed as weights only and its training data is not shared along with it. In this work, we ask whether a WAM can achieve data-free continual learning by regenerating its own past. Our key observation is that a WAM can indeed autoregressively regenerate complete …

Humanoid behavior foundation models (BFMs) enable diverse whole-body control, but adapting a pretrained controller to a new embodiment remains challenging because of kinematic and dynamic mismatch. We present TRACE, a framework for efficient cross-embodiment adaptation that preserves pretrained motion representations while specializing feedback control to the target robot.TRACE first injects kinematic priors into input and output projection layers and aligns nominal joint dynamics to reduce embodiment mismatch and support stable fine-tuning. It then combines encoder distillation with low-rank …

Recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models, such as $π_{0.5}$, have demonstrated impressive generalization capabilities by scaling behavior cloning across massive datasets. However, these models frequently suffer from distributional convergence, a phenomenon where the policy regresses to "safe" but suboptimal mean behaviors due to mode averaging in the training data. This often results in generic grasp strategies, Convergent Defaults, that fail in constrained or long-tail scenarios. In this work, we propose a novel framework to identify and correct these behaviors without parameter updates. …

Long-horizon robotic manipulation requires robust execution over sequences of interdependent actions. Existing methods typically handle execution deviations by replanning the remaining action chunk or correcting actions step by step as new observations arrive. However, a local deviation may affect only a few actions under distribution shift, yet replanning regenerates the entire chunk from an unfamiliar state, potentially introducing errors into otherwise valid actions. Step-wise correction may react too late, as it does not explicitly anticipate how the deviation affects subsequent actions. …

Unknown payloads alter robot dynamics and make precise contact execution difficult when foothold margins are small. We present LOAD, a perceptive locomotion framework that combines explicit inertial estimates with implicit dynamics features for narrow-beam traversal. Separate recurrent modules infer torso inertial changes and task-relevant history from proprioception, while a height-map teacher is distilled into a depth-based student. We extensively evaluate LOAD and its variants in simulation and on hardware across beam widths and payload configurations. The results show that implicit …

Autonomous navigation in real-world environments often requires long-horizon operation under partial observability and evolving goals. Existing mapless navigation approaches predominantly assume fixed goals throughout an episode, limiting applicability to practical scenarios where goals change online during execution. We study online chained-goal navigation, where goals evolve through existing-goal redirection or new-goal emergence without explicit transition signals. Under this setting, we find navigation may require either continued exploration or strategic revisitation, creating …

Action-conditioned world models can reduce costly real-robot interaction in reinforcement learning for Vision-Language-Action models (VLA-RL), but hallucinations can mislead policy optimization. Extending them to richer VLA interfaces and long-horizon tasks raises challenges in spatiotemporal and cross-modal consistency, exploration-reliability balance in RL, and compounding rollout errors. We present WoVR+, extending WoVR's hallucination-aware WM-RL framework by redesigning the learned environment and imagined interaction protocol: A VLA-interface-aligned world model provides multi-view …

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and world models have demonstrated strong capabilities in semantic understanding and future scene evolution for autonomous driving. However, effectively integrating both capabilities for trajectory generation remains challenging. In this work, we propose DriveWLA, a unified World-Language-Action model based on Mixture-of-Transformers (MoT) that jointly models semantic understanding, future scene dynamics, and trajectory generation. DriveWLA consists of three experts: a World Expert for future prediction, a Language Expert for semantic understanding, and an Action …

Can an AI agent turn high-level user intent into a functioning robot and teach it how to behave? We study this question from two complementary aspects: embodiment and behavior creation. For embodiment creation, we investigate how well current multimodal models capture mechanical requirements, and introduce computational metrics for evaluating generated designs before fabrication. For behavior creation, we present Roboforge, an agentic framework that turns task specifications into executable policies through motion generation, policy learning, and execution-grounded revision. Given a robot …

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetic tracking offers a promising alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based localization for medical robotic guidance. However, scalar field measurements and field-aligned marker moments constrain position and orientation tracking, requiring careful configuration design. We present a unified information-based framework that uses local covariance analysis to evaluate receiver geometry, marker separation, and external source configuration in on/off-board NMR tracking. Numerical evaluation shows that planar-array precision depends jointly on …

Robust proprioceptive state estimation is crucial for legged robots, particularly in challenging environments where exteroceptive sensors are unreliable. While traditional leg odometry typically relies on a single body-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) fused with leg kinematics via an extended Kalman filter (EKF), such methods are vulnerable to linearization errors and hard-contact assumptions, leading to severe drift during slippage or dynamic locomotion.In this paper, we propose LAG-IO, a factor graph-based multi-IMU state estimation framework that tightly couples measurements from a …

Proactive dynamic grasping requires robots to predict the future state at which physical contact will occur, rather than reacting to the currently observed object pose. But what future must the robot predict, and at what level of abstraction? We argue that contact-relevant rigid-body state in SE(3) is a compact task-sufficient abstraction for this problem: it directly determines where and when the robot should establish contact, without requiring visually complete future scenes. This insight leads to a lightweight object-centric forecast-then-select framework that predicts future rigid-body …

Robot manipulation has traditionally relied on end-effector-centric interactions. In contrast, humans routinely exploit whole-arm contacts to improve efficiency, robustness, and adaptability, especially when the hands are occupied or when precise grasping is unnecessary. Enabling similar capabilities in robots remains challenging: the robot must select where on its arm to make contact, generate effective non-prehensile interactions, and satisfy task-specific pose or safety constraints on the end-effector. We propose Whole-Arm Contact Learning (WACL), a hierarchical framework that describes …

Online reinforcement learning (RL) enables driving policies to adapt to changing deployment conditions, but requires safe exploration throughout training. Safety filtering alone does not ensure stable policy improvement or reduced dependence on corrections. We propose Safe Online Adaptive Refinement (SOAR-Flow), a framework for safe and stable online fine-tuning of offline-initialized Flow-based driving policies. A control barrier function (CBF)--model predictive control (MPC) filter corrects potentially unsafe actions before execution. To support stable policy updates, we introduce …

A long-horizon manipulation task consists of primitive skills and the transitions connecting them. Learning skills that can be executed in sequence requires supervision for both, which is costly to collect on a robot. Human videos offer a scalable source of demonstrations, but transferring them to robots requires extracting robot-compatible observations and actions together with their skill structure. We present DexStitch, a framework that cuts long-horizon human videos into skills and transitions, converts them into aligned robot observation-action-skill data, and stitches the learned skills …

Utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) inspection is dominated by aerial surveys, which are effective for identifying module-level hot cells but provide limited visibility of critical components located under the array, including connectors, cabling, fasteners and structural elements. These assets are difficult to inspect consistently at scale, and their defects are often spatially small, partially occluded and difficult to localise from isolated images. We present an automated 3D visual-thermal inspection system (Tricorder) for under-panel PV asset inspection. The approach combines LiDAR-inertial …

Robotic assistance for human mobility could benefit care recipients and reduce caregiver burden during physically demanding tasks such as Sit-to-Stand (STS) and Lift-and-Transfer (L&T). Learning robot policies for these whole-body assistive tasks is challenging: real-world data collection for human-robot interaction is costly and safety-critical, making simulation an attractive alternative. Prior work, however, typically treats the human as static or minimally responsive and thus fails to capture the cooperative nature of mobility assistance. We present a simulation-based framework for …

Policies trained offline from teleoperated demonstrations can degrade outside their training distribution. This gap is particularly acute in long-horizon whole-body mobile manipulation, where long horizons amplify compounding errors and coordinated arm, torso, and base motion makes exhaustive demonstration coverage impractical. We introduce I3L, an integrated hardware and learning system that combines whole-body correction with iterative policy refinement to address this last-mile reliability gap. Its low-cost, open-source JoyLo+ interface uses policy-tracking leader arms and touch-triggered …

A robot may know how to perform a task yet fail when a human asks for it naturally. We study this human--VLA communication gap by separating an \emph{information gap}, where task semantics, grounding, or event structure remain unresolved, from a residual \emph{execution gap}, where even a fully specified task depends on how it is organized and invoked. To do this, we characterize how people naturally express demonstrated objectives and evaluate controlled variants of the same physical tasks, with detailed analysis on $π_{0.5}$ and consistent trends on $π_0$-FAST and Cosmos3-Edge. Our study …

Imitation learning typically treats every demonstration state as equally important, optimizing a behavior-cloning objective uniformly across the dataset. Yet not all states are created equal: in a small number of critical states, even a slight deviation from the expert action can lead to a failure, while in many other states such errors are recoverable and inconsequential. We formalize state criticality in imitation learning as the worst-case degradation in downstream value induced by a bounded perturbation of the expert action at a given state. We then propose SCRIM, a practical State …

We introduce HelpMeOut, an embodied AI benchmark for error-aware monitoring of household task execution. Existing embodied household benchmarks typically assume that humans execute tasks correctly, but this assumption does not hold for cognitively impaired persons or older adults whose everyday activities produce structured execution errors. To address this gap, HelpMeOut operationalizes research on everyday action errors into 20000 paired activity episodes, covering nine neuropsychologically motivated error categories. In each episode, agents observe a streaming human activity trajectory and …

Occupancy world models provide a structured, metric representation of future driving scenes, making them a promising basis for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, existing occupancy-aware planners typically couple occupancy prediction and action generation through either hierarchical coupling or parallel multi-task learning. Hierarchical methods use occupancy either as a fully predicted future preceding action generation or as an action-conditioned rollout for trajectory evaluation, whereas parallel multi-task methods predict occupancy alongside planning through a separate branch or …

High-fidelity surgical video generation is increasingly important for surgical education, simulation, and downstream AI training, as conventional simulation pipelines are limited by cost, realism, and scenario diversity. Adapting generic text-to-video diffusion models to surgical procedures remains difficult, however, due to complex anatomical structures, intricate tool-tissue interactions, the inherently hierarchical nature of surgical workflows, and the scarcity of curated training data outside a few well-studied procedures. We propose a surgical video generation framework that combines …

We completely characterize the solvability profiles of tasks for two autonomous mobile robots in the plane under variable disorientation, chirality, and rigid movements. The four standard capability models and the schedulers considered here have a known quotient order Q of thirteen computational classes. A task's solvability profile is the set of classes in which it is solvable, and is necessarily an upset of Q. We prove that every upset is realizable and construct a minimum exact disjunctive basis of thirteen concrete tasks. The basis contains one task for each principal upset. For every …

An embodied brain, or System 2, must turn an abstract goal into actions while discovering relevant scene conditions and checking whether executed skills achieved their intended effects. Open-loop evaluations cannot test observations shaped by an agent's decisions, while some closed-loop evaluations provide limited evidence during execution or assume idealized skill outcomes. We introduce SCOPER, a suite for studying observation-grounded planning, execution, and recovery. SCOPER-bench combines high-level goals, ongoing visual observations, a shared rule-based System 1 for low-level actions, …

World Action Models (WAMs) use generative visual representations to condition robot actions, yet how these representations organize action-relevant information remains poorly understood. We identify persistent high-norm spatial outliers in WAM representations and find that their action relevance persists even after normalization and K/V projection attenuate their extreme magnitude. Motivated by this observation, we introduce RegisterWAM, which adds learnable non-spatial registers to the world model and uses them directly for action conditioning. Registers alone do not fully eliminate spatial …

In outdoor environments, varying terrain and contact conditions can cause identical action commands to produce different motion outcomes for quadruped robots. Predicting these outcomes is essential for reliable navigation and informed path selection. Existing video world models can generate visually plausible futures, yet often struggle to capture robot dynamics and terrain interactions, leading to overly optimistic predictions of action outcomes. We present DR-WM, a physically consistent world model that incorporates robot-terrain contact dynamics to predict the consequences of quadruped …

Language provides a natural interface for humans to specify and reason about goals, but training language-conditioned robotic policies and reasoning typically requires expensive manual annotations. We propose Action Self-Distillation (ASD), a method for learning language-conditioned reasoning for robotic navigation without human-annotated language or reasoning labels. ASD uses an open-source VLM, which contains broad world knowledge and reasoning capabilities, as both a teacher network and a student policy. During training, the self-teacher receives privileged trajectory feedback and infers …

Estimating simulation-ready material parameters from visual observations is crucial for deformable-object manipulation but challenging because material properties are only indirectly revealed through physical responses. We introduce physical-field-bridged material inference, a single-pass framework that uses dense physical responses to connect multi-view RGB deformation videos with constitutive-type classification and continuous parameter regression. Unlike inverse-physics methods requiring per-scene reconstruction, online tuning, or simulation-in-the-loop optimization, our model predicts …

Tracking object motion within a gripper provides essential feedback for robotic manipulation. However, limited contact coverage and uneven deformation make tactile estimation challenging. In this study, we present TacSpin, a method that tracks in-gripper object rotation on SO(3) using only two vision-based tactile sensors. The key idea is to estimate the axis and magnitude of the rotation response separately, rather than fitting a rigid-body model by least squares. Each finger's response is further refined with contact-boundary cues. The two fingers are then fused according to their …

While expert demonstrations on real robots are difficult to collect, human ego-centric videos are easy to collect and abundant on the internet. However, learning dexterous manipulation policies from human videos remains challenging---one of the most important challenges being the difficulty of reconstructing physically grounded robot trajectories due to the large embodiment gap. In this paper, we propose EgoCPT, a novel paradigm for learning high-quality retargeted dexterous hand trajectories directly from an ego-centric video, which can then be deployed directly on real robots. The only …

Multi-robot exploration under communication and mobility constraints requires balancing information gain with reachability. We present a distributed semantic exploration framework that combines Dirichlet mapping, budget-constrained trajectory selection, and Resource-Aware distributed Greedy (RAG) coordination. Each robot clusters frontiers, computes terrain- and heading-aware least-cost paths with a single budget-limited Dijkstra search, and selects feasible paths by marginal information gain, represented by the expected reduction in Dirichlet entropy. Each robot's per-round selection is …

We propose ATOM (Abstract Transition and Option Modeling), a hierarchical navigation framework that combines higher-level graph planning with reusable lower-level option policies for efficient repeated navigation in large-scale 3D environments represented by hierarchical structures such as 3D scene graphs (3DSGs). ATOM operates on a hierarchical graph representation, implemented using, for instance, the Rooms and Places layers of a 3DSG, where each directed abstract transition is associated with a navigation option. For each transition, ATOM computes and stores a reusable option policy along …

Identifying a robot task from a short instruction is sensitive to which descriptions are available for retrieval. We investigate this effect in the natural-language instructions included with the RLBench manipulation benchmark. We extract 296 fixed descriptions from 62 publicly available task files and compare five training-free lexical rankers over 80 random choices of one indexed description per task. Exact strings assigned to conflicting task labels are excluded from the primary score. Character n-gram TF-IDF achieves 61.3% mean top-1 accuracy on the resulting held-out instructions, …

Textual reasoning before acting has improved vision-language-action (VLA) models, but at the cost of latency: every action conditioned on the reasoning text must wait for autoregressive decoding. We show that actions do not need to wait for or condition on the generated reasoning to benefit from it, because the reasoning supervision already improves the backbone representation. We introduce TacitVLA, a reasoning VLA whose action expert never attends to the reasoning it generates for the current call. On long-horizon tasks where the reasoning text also serves as episodic memory, it can …

World action models (WAMs) are a category of policy models that ex- plicitly predict both actions and future world states. They have been shown to outperform action-only models across various robotic manipulation tasks. How- ever, representing the future with full-frame video prediction can be computation- ally expensive during both training and inference. This raises a central question: what compact state representation preserves the planning and supervision bene- fits of future prediction? In this paper, we propose BoxWAM, which replaces dense future frames with oriented bounding box …

Evaluating VLA policies on real robots is costly, time-consuming, and difficult to reproduce, making real-to-sim simulation essential for scalable evaluation. While 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables rapid real-to-sim scene generation, the reconstruction quality required for reliable policy evaluation remains unquantified. In particular, policies relying on wrist-mounted fisheye cameras (e.g., YUBI handheld gripper data) are heavily exposed to visual artifacts (holes, floaters) in wide-angle views, directly degrading task performance. To address this, we present YUBI-Real2Sim, a unified …

This work presents an algorithm for changing from longitudinal to latitudinal formation of autonomous aircraft squadrons. The maneuvers are defined dynamically by using a predefined set of 3D basic maneuvers. This formation change is necessary when the squadron has to perform tasks demanding both formations, such as landing, lift-off, obstacle avoidance and georeferencing. The time complexity analysis of the transformation algorithm reveals that its efficiency is optimal. Simulations show that the formation change is done without collision, and the proof of correctness ensures its latitudinal …